Black Woman Leading®

CITATIONS

Black Woman Leading® is supported by the most current scientific evidence and research.  The curriculum provides proven methods substantiated by research to promote and enhance personal and professional growth.  In 2022, we partnered with the Bridgify Group, a third-party research firm to confirm that our programming is evidenced-based. They conducted a detailed literature review based on our core program activities and curriculum.  Here are a list of the resulting evidence-based citations that support our work.

This list continues to be updated as our curriculum evolves and as new research emerges.

  1. Sims, C. M., & Carter, A. D. (2019). Revisiting Parker & Ogilvie’s African American Women Executive Leadership Model. Journal of Business Diversity, 19(2), 99–112.
    https://doi.org/10.33423/jbd.v19i2.2058
  2. Aaron, T. S. (2020). Black Women: Perceptions and Enactments of Leadership. Journal of School Leadership, 30(2), 146–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052684619871020
  3. Dickens, D. D., & Chavez, E. L. (2018). Navigating the workplace: The costs and benefits of shifting identities at work among early career U.S. black women. Sex Roles, 78(11-12), 760-774.
    doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0844-x
  4. Cook, S. Gibbard. (2013). Black women’s dilemma: be real or be ignored. Women in Higher Education, 22(4), 14.
  5. Jackson, L. C., & Bouchard, M. M. (2019). Mentoring: A Key Success Factor for African American Women in the U.S. Federal Senior Executive Service. SAM Advanced Management Journal (07497075), 84(4), 35–58.
  6. Davis, S. M., & Jones, M. K. (2021). Black Women at War: A Comprehensive Framework for Research on the Strong Black Woman. Women’s Studies in Communication, 44(3), 301–322.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2020.1838020
  7. Neal-Barnett, A., Stadulis, R., Murray, M., Payne, M. R., Thomas, A., & Salley, B. B. (2011). Sister circles as a culturally relevant intervention for anxious Black women. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18(3), 266–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01258.x
  8. Ricks, S.A. (2018). Normalized Chaos: Black Feminism, Womanism, and the (Re)definition of Trauma and Healing. Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism 16(2), 343-350.
    https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/696147
  9. Linnabery, E., Stuhlmacher, A. F., & Towler, A. (2014). From whence cometh their strength: Social support, coping, and well-being of Black women professionals. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(4), 541–549. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037873
  10. Hall, J. C., Conner, K. O., & Jones, K. (2021). The Strong Black Woman versus Mental Health Utilization: A Qualitative Study. Health & Social Work, 46(1), 33–41.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlaa036
  11. Kamesha, S., Evans Na’Tasha, M., Watts, B. C., Nasra, A., & Tierra, J. (2020). Keeping ourselves sane:  A qualitative exploration of black Women’s coping strategies for gendered racism. Sex Roles, 82(9-10), 513-524.
    doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01077-1
  12. Williams, M. G., & Lewis, J. A. (2021). Developing a Conceptual Framework of Black Women’s Gendered Racial Identity Development. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(2), 212–228.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684320988602

Internalized Oppression and Racial Oppression

Bailey, T.-K. M., Chung, Y. B., Williams, W. S., Singh, A. A., & Terrell, H. K. (2011). Development and validation of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale for Black individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 481–493. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023585 

Steele, J. M., & Newton, C. S. (2022). Culturally Adapted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as a Model to Address Internalized Racism Among African American Clients.  Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 44(2), 98–116.
https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.44.2.01

Miller, A. L., Stern, C., Neville, H. A., David, E. J. R., Schroeder, T. M., & Fernandez, J.  (2019). Internalized Racism: A Systematic Review of the Psychological Literature on Racism’s Most Insidious Consequence.  Journal of Social Issues, 75(4), 1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12350

Imposter Syndrome – Original Research

Clance, P. R., & Imes, S. A. (1978). The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15(3), 241–247.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0086006

Racial Battle Fatigue

Smith, W. A., Allen, W. R., & Danley, L. L. (2007). “Assume the position… you fit the description”: Psychosocial experiences and racial battle fatigue among African American male college students. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(4), 551-578. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207307742

Smith, W. A. (2004). Black faculty coping with racial battle fatigue: The campus racial climate in a post-civil rights era. In D. Cleveland (Ed.), A long way to go: Conversations about race by African American faculty and graduate students (pp. 171-190). Peter Lang.

Superwoman Schema

Woods-Giscombé, C. L. (2010). Superwoman schema: African American women’s views on stress, strength, and health. Qualitative Health Research, 20(5), 668-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732310361892

Woods-Giscombé, C. L., Allen, A. M., Black, A. R., Steed, T. C., Li, Y., & Lackey, C. (2019). The Giscombe Superwoman Schema Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and associations with mental health and health behaviors in African American women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 40(8), 672-681. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2019.1584654

Weathering and Physiological Stress

Geronimus, A. T., Hicken, M., Keene, D., & Bound, J. (2006). “Weathering” and age patterns of allostatic load scores among Blacks and Whites in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 96(5), 826-833. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.060749

Geronimus, A. T., Hicken, M. T., Pearson, J. A., Seashols, S. J., Brown, K. L., & Cruz, T. D. (2010). Do US Black women experience stress-related accelerated biological aging? A novel theory and first population-based test of Black-White differences in telomere length. Human Nature, 21(1), 19-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-010-9078-0

Forrester, S., Jacobs, D., Zmora, R., Schreiner, P., Roger, V., & Kiefe, C. I. (2019). Racial differences in weathering and its associations with psychosocial stress: The CARDIA study. SSM – Population Health, 7, 100319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.11.003

Intersectionality

Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), Article 8, 139-167. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8

Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241-1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039

Self-Care and Stress Recovery

Nguyen, T. T., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2018). Solitude as an approach to affective self-regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(1), 92-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217733073

Industry and Practice Research

Travis, D. J., Thorpe-Moscon, J., & McCluney, C. (2016). Emotional Tax: How Black Women and Men Pay More at Work and How Leaders Can Take Action. Catalyst. https://www.catalyst.org/research/emotional-tax-how-black-women-and-men-pay-more-at-work-and-how-leaders-can-take-action/

Travis, D. J., & Thorpe-Moscon, J. (2018). Day-to-Day Experiences of Emotional Tax Among Women and Men of Color in the Workplace. Catalyst. https://www.catalyst.org/insights/2018/emotional-tax-women-and-men-of-color-in-the-workplace

Hines, E., & Ward, M. F. (2022). Black Women Thriving. Every Level Leadership. https://everylevelleads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Black-Women-Thriving-Report_2022.pdf

LeanIn.Org & McKinsey & Company. (2020). The State of Black Women in Corporate America. https://leanin.org/report/women-in-the-workplace-black-women/

Gallup Center on Black Voices. (2020). Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/315575/measuring-black-voices.aspx